Enhancers of notch signaling and their use thereof in the treatment of cancers and malignancies  medicable by upregulation of notch

ABSTRACT

and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, for the treatment of a disease selected from the group of dermatological disorders including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, immune related disorders, cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, cutaneous and lung squamous cell carcinoma, head and neck cancer, non-melanoma skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma and actinic keratosis, neuroendocrine tumors, neuroendocrine small cell carcinoma and carcinoid tumors, thyroid carcinomas, muscular disorders muscular dystrophy and impaired regeneration capacity after injury; use in immunotherapy for cancer.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of U.S. Ser. No. 16/085,372, filed Sep.14, 2018, which is a 35 U.S.C. 371 National Phase Entry Application fromPCT/EP2017/056461, filed Mar. 17, 2017, which claims the benefit ofEuropean Patent Application No. 16160988.8 filed on Mar. 17, 2016, thedisclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entirety byreference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compounds which are enhancers of Notchsignaling and lend themselves for the treatment of Notch-associatedmalignancies, such as cancer, degenerative muscle diseases, skindiseases like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, and immunologicaldisorders, as well as for the use in immunotherapy for cancer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Notch signaling represents a short-range intercellular signaling pathwaythat plays a critical role during embryogenesis and adult tissuehomeostasis. Depending on the cellular context, Notch signaling isinvolved in the regulation of cell fate determination, differentiation,apoptosis and proliferation, but also in stem cell maintenance. Presenceand intensity of Notch signaling in the cellular frame are temporallyand spatially strictly controlled. In consequence, abnormal Notchactivity can lead to various disease situations. Although Notch washistorically identified as an oncogene. studies within the last decadehave also demonstrated the tumor suppressive effects of Notch signaling(Koch and Radtke, 2010) (South et al., 2012). In particular in tissuesin which Notch signaling induces differentiation such as the skin, andneuroendocrine organs, Notch functions as a tumor suppressor. Thusactivating or increasing Notch signaling in cancers including but notlimited to cutaneous and lung squamous cell carcinoma (Wang et al.,2011), head and neck cancer (Agrawal et al., 2011; Stransky et al.,2011), neuroendocrine tumors such as thyroid carcinoma (Yu et al.,2013), or neuroendocrine small cell carcinoma (Sriuranpong et al., 2001)and carcinoid tumors (Greenblatt et al., 2007) will inducedifferentiation and block growth of cancer cells.

Therefore, the development of tools to control Notch signaling is highlydesirable.

The present invention comprises for use a family of small moleculescapable to enhance Notch signaling, resulting in the potentialapplications, which will be disclosed in the application. Theapplications are implementable in both human and veterinary medicine.

STATE OF THE ART

WO2013/093885 discloses 6-(4-Tert-Butylphenoxy)Pyridin-3-Amine andderivatives thereof having Notch signalling pathway inhibitionproperties for the treatment and/or prevention of cancer, wherein thecancer is a Notch dependent cancer, and wherein the Notch dependentcancer is preferably selected from the group comprising T cell-Acutelymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), chroniclymphocytic leukemia (CLL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), breast cancer,pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, melanoma, brain tumors, tumorangiogenesis, and colorectal cancer.

Only a limited number of small molecules are reported in the literaturethat feature to activate Notch signaling, which comprise valproic acid(D. Y. Greenblatt, The Oncologist 2007, 12, 942-951; Mohammed et al.,The Oncologist, 2011, 16, 835-843), resveratrol (S. N. Pinchot, Cancer2011,117, 7, 1386-1398), phenethyl isothiocyanate (S.-H. Kim, PLoS One2011, 6, 10) and some flavonoids, such as chrysin (X. M. Yu, Cancer2013, 119, 4) or hesperetin (P. N. Patel, Ann Surg Oncol 2014). However,some of these molecules showed Notch enhancing properties only at highconcentrations. Most of the listed compounds are already in clinicaltrials being investigated as anticancer drugs for a few different tumortypes.

Another approach to upregulate Notch signaling comprises the use ofactivating Notch ligand-mimicking peptides as for instance a JAG-1protein peptide fragment (B. J. Nickoloff, Cell Death andDifferentiation 2002, 9, 842-855). Nonetheless, this tool to triggerNotch signaling is still in development and only available for researchyet.

There is a need for potent Notch signaling enhancers that can be used totreat and prevent Notch-associated diseases, preferably dermatologicdiseases, immunological disorders, muscular diseases e.g. musculardystrophy and impaired regeneration capacity after injury, and cancer,e.g. squamous cell carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, thyroid carcinomasand others, as well as for immunotherapy against cancer.

The following patent applications and scientific publications may be ofinterest in the context of the present application:

WO 98/42328, PCT/US98/06037:

“Di-aryl ethers and their derivatives as anti-cancer agents”.

WO 93/24442, PCT/JP93/00710:

“Medicine containing benzoic acid derivative as testosterone 5-reductaseinhibitor and novel benzoic acid derivative”. This application disclosesseveral benzoic acid derivatives which lend themselves as testosterone5-reductase inhibitors and can, inter alia, be used for the treatment ofprostate cancer (prostate carcinoma).

WO 94/05153, PCT/US93/08096:

“Herbicidal benzene compounds”.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,438,033, PCT/US92/04644, WO92/22203:

“Substituted pyridine herbicides”.

Further patent applications and patents disclosing specific molecularstructures are listed in the section Structures tested in the Notchreporter assay.

Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1999, 47, 8, 1073-1080, S. Igarashiet al: “A novel class of inhibitors for human steroid 5-reductase:phenoxybenzoic acid derivatives. I”.

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2011, 21, 4215-4219, C. DeSavi et al.: “Selective non zinc binding inhibitors of MMP13”.

Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2012, 22, 1788-1792, T.Nakamura et al.: “Discovery of CS-2100, a potent, orally active andS1P₃-sparing SIP, agonist”.

However, all compounds known hitherto which are used as Notch signalingenhancers and treating the diseases related thereto, have the abovecited drawbacks

Accordingly, one object underlying the present invention is to providecompounds acting as Notch signaling enhancers and which can be used totreat cancers and other diseases which cannot be treated by Notchsignaling inhibitors, or provide compounds which render possible analternative treatment to Notch signaling inhibitors, of the respectivediseases. The diseases and cancers are in particular the cancers citedin WO 2013/093885.

A further object underlying the present invention is to providecompounds acting as Notch signaling enhancers, are possible to treat theabove-cited diseases and which preferably do not show the drawbacks ofthe known compounds.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the use for enhancing Notch signalingin an individual, of a compound showing the general formula (I)

wherein

X is an aromatic cycle selected from a phenylene ring C₆H₄, in which oneor more H atoms are optionally replaced independently by one or more ofthe substituents Z; or X is a 6-membered aromatic heterocycle containing1 or 2 N atoms, in which one or more H atoms are optionally replacedindependently by one or more of the substituents Z;

R¹ is selected from: H; linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₁-C₁₆ alkyl; linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl; linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkynyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl; adamantyland norbornyl; and wherein the substituents of the named alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, adamantyl and norbornyl groups areselected from the group F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NCO, —NCS, N₃, and whereinthe named groups can be single or multiple substituted;

R²-R⁵ are independently of each other selected from: H, F, Cl, Br, I;linear and branched, unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄alkenyl and C₂-C₄ alkynyl, cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl, and wherein thesubstituents of the named alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyclopropyl andcyclobutyl groups are selected from F, Cl, Br and I;

Y is O or S;

Z is selected from: F, Cl, Br, I, linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₂-C₄ alkynyl, cyclopropyl andcyclobutyl, and wherein the substituents of the named alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl groups can be selected from F, Cl,Br and I;

R⁶ is selected from: OR⁷, NR⁸R⁹, NHOH;

R⁷ is selected from H and linear and branched C₁-C₆ alkyl;

R⁸ and R⁹ are independently of each other selected from H and linear andbranched C₁-C₆ alkyl;

and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.

The term “substituted” as used herein includes both part and fullsubstitution.

Within the above defined most general embodiment of the invention, thefollowing embodiments A are preferred in case X is a phenylene ring:

R¹ is selected from linear and branched, unsubstituted and substitutedC₄-C₁₆ alkyl; linear and branched, substituted and unsubstituted C₄-C₈alkenyl; linear and branched, unsubstituted and substituted C₄-C₈alkynyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₄-C₈ cycloalkyl; substituted andunsubstituted C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl; adamantyl and norbornyl; and whereinthe substituents of the named alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, adamantyl and norbornyl groups are selected from the groupF, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NCO, —NCS, N₃, and wherein the named groups can besingle or multiple substituted;

In further embodiments within the above defined most general embodiment,the following embodiments B are preferred in case X is a phenylene ringas depicted in formula Ia:

B1: the phenylene ring X is not substituted, or monosubstituted (i.e.contains 0 or 1 substituent Z other than H); and/or

B2: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by I (substituent Z) inposition 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group (position o and o′);and/or

B3: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by Br (substituent Z) inposition 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group (position o and o′);and/or

B4: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by F, Cl, Br or I(substituent Z) in position 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group(position o and o′); and/or

B5: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by I (substituent Z); and/or

B6: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by F, Cl, Br or I(substituent Z); and/or

B6: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by —CH₃ (substituent Z) inposition 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group (position o and o′);and/or

B7: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by —CH₃, —C₂H₅, C₃H₇ and/orC₄H₉ (substituent Z) in position 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group(position o and o′);

B8: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by —CH₃, —C₂H₅, C₃H₇ and/orC₄H₉.

The preferred embodiments cited above within the most general embodimentalso comprise the combination of embodiment A with each of theembodiments B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7 and B8.

It has proved advantageous in case X is a phenylene ring, if R¹ is ahigher noncyclic or cyclic aliphatic group, starting from C₄, i.e. if R¹is a group selected from those which have been cited beforehand withinthe embodiments A.

The term “alkyl” refers to an aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon group,including methyl (C₁ alkyl), ethyl (C₂ alkyl), n-propyl, iso-propyl (C₃alkyl), n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec.-butyl and tert.-butyl (C₄ alkyl),n-pentyl (amyl), 2-pentyl (sec-pentyl), 3-pentyl; 2-methylbutyl,3-methylbutyl (iso-pentyl or iso-amyl), 3-methylbut-2-yl,2-methylbut-2-yl; 2,2-dimethylpropyl (neopentyl) (C₅ alkyl), a hexylgroup (C₅ alkyl) including all isomers, a heptyl group (C₇ alkyl)including all isomers, an octyl group (C₈ alkyl) including all isomers,a nonyl group including all isomers (C₉ alkyl), a decyl group includingall isomers (C₁₀ alkyl), an undecyl group including all isomers (C₁₁alkyl), a dodecyl group including all isomers (C₁₂ alkyl), a tridecylgroup including all isomers (C₁₃ alkyl), a tetradecyl group groupincluding all isomers (C₁₄ alkyl), a pentadecyl group including allisomers (C₁₅ alkyl), and a hexadecyl group including all isomers (C₁₆alkyl), as known to the person skilled in the art.

The term “alkenyl” refers to an aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbon group,including ethenyl (C₂ alkenyl), n-propenyl, iso-propenyl (C₃ alkenyl),n-butenyl, iso-butenyl, sec.-butenyl and tert.-butenyl (C₄ alkenyl), apentenyl group including all isomers (C₅ alkenyl), a hexenyl group (C₆alkenyl) including all isomers, a heptenyl group including all isomers(C, alkenyl), an octenyl group including all isomers (C₈ alkenyl), asknown to the person skilled in the art.

The term “alkynyl” refers to the above cited C₂-C₈ groups having adouble bond, but having a triple bond and which are known to the personskilled in the art. Examples include ethynyl (C₂ alkynyl), n-propynyland iso-propynyl (C₃ alkynyl), the various isomers of butynyl (C₄alkynyl), the various isomers of pentynyl (C₅ alkynyl), the variousisomers of hexynyl (C₆ alkynyl), the various isomers of heptynyl (C₇alkynyl), and the various isomers of octynyl (C₈ alkynyl).

“Cycloalkyl” or “cycloalkyl ring” means an aliphatic cyclic saturatedalkyl group, e.g. cyclopropyl (C₃ cycloalkyl), cyclobutyl (C₄cycloalkyl), cyclopentyl (C₅ cycloalkyl), cyclohexyl (C₆ cycloalkyl),cycloheptyl (C₇ cycloalkyl), cyclooctyl (C₈ cycloalkyl). Each hydrogenof a cycloalkyl carbon may be replaced by a substituent.

“Cycloalkenyl” or “cycloalkenyl ring” means a cyclic unsaturated (one ormore double carbon-carbon bonds) aliphatic or aromatic group, e.g.cyclopropenyl (C₃ cycloalkenyl), cyclobutenyl (C₄ cycloalkenyl),cyclopentenyl (C₅ cycloalkenyl), cyclohexenyl (C₆ cycloalkenyl),cycloheptenyl (C₇ cycloalkenyl), cyclooctenyl (C₈ cycloalkenyl). Eachhydrogen of a cycloalkyl carbon may be replaced by a substituent.

The substituents R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ in case these are not H can be in thepositions 2, 3, 5 and 6 with respect to the ether group. Preferably, allR², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are H, or 1 or 2 of R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are not H, butselected from the substituents defined above. In the context of thepresent invention, the term “R²-R⁵ are independently of each otherselected from . . . ” as used throughout the present application meansthat 1, 2, 3 or 4 of R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are other than H, and that eachof R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ can have any of the meanings defined for therespective embodiment.

The carbonyl derived group —C(Y)R⁶ connected to the aromatic ring can bein position 2, 3 or 4 with respect to the ether bridge, preferably inposition 4. This also applies with respect to formula (Ia), which in apreferred embodiment is a phenoxybenzoic acid derivative where the group—C(Y)R⁶ is in position 4 with respect to the ether bridge (p-position).

The substituent Z can be in the positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 with respectto the ether group.

The term “6-membered aromatic heterocycle containing 1 or 2 N atoms”refers to a heterocycle containing either 1 N atom or 2 N atoms. Thisheterocycle is selected from pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine andpyrazine. In the compounds according to formula (I), the aromaticheterocycle is connected to O in the ether bridge via a chemical bond,and to the carbonyl derived group in another position of theheterocycle, meaning that at least two H atoms in the aromaticheterocycle are replaced by a chemical bond. Further H atoms, forexample 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably 1 H atom, may be replaced by the groupZ.

In an embodiment of the invention, the Notch signaling enhancingcompound belongs to the family of phenoxybenzoic acids andphenoxynicotinic acids and derivatives thereof. The person skilled inthe art is aware of appropriate derivates. Known examples include estersand amides.

In a further embodiment of the invention, the invention relates to thecompounds as defined in connection with formula (I) and/or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, including allpreferred, more preferred, even more preferred, first most preferred andsecond most preferred embodiments for the treatment of a diseaseassociated with reduced Notch signaling activity.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the symbols R¹ toR⁹, X, Y and Z have the following meanings:

X is an aromatic cycle selected from a phenylene ring C₆H₄, in which oneor more H atoms are optionally replaced independently by one or more ofthe substituents Z; or X is a 6-membered aromatic heterocycle containing1 or 2 N atoms, in which one or more H atoms are optionally replacedindependently by one or more of the substituents Z;

R¹ is selected from: H; linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl; linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkynyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₃-C₈cycloalkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl; adamantyland norbornyl; and wherein the substituents of the named alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, adamantyl and norbornyl groups areselected from the group F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NCO, —NCS, N₃, and whereinthe named groups can be single or multiple substituted (i.e. in case thenamed groups are substituted, they carry one, two or several of thenamed substituents);

R²-R⁵ are independently of each other selected from: H, F, Cl, Br, I;unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₂ alkyl, C₂-alkenyl, C₂-alkynyl, andwherein the named alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups can be substitutedby F (i.e. in case the named groups are substituted, the substituent isF).

Y is O or S;

Z is selected from F, Cl, Br, I; unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₂alkyl, C₂-alkenyl, C₂-alkynyl, and wherein the substituent of the namedalkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups can be F (i.e. in case the namedgroups are substituted, the substituent is F);

R⁶ is selected from: OR⁷, NR⁸R⁹, NHOH;

R⁷ is selected from H and linear and branched C₁-C₄ alkyl;

and wherein at least one of R¹, R²-R⁵ and Z is a substituent other thanH,

R⁸ and R⁹ are independently of each other selected from H and linear andbranched C₁-C₄ alkyl.

Within the above defined preferred embodiment of the invention, thefollowing embodiments A are preferred in case X is a phenylene ring:

R¹ is selected from linear and branched, unsubstituted and substitutedC₄-C₁₂ alkyl; linear and branched, substituted and unsubstituted C₄-C₈alkenyl; linear and branched, unsubstituted and substituted C₄-C₈alkynyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₄-C₈ cycloalkyl; substituted andunsubstituted C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl; adamantyl and norbornyl; and whereinthe substituents of the named alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, adamantyl and norbornyl groups are selected from the groupF, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NCO, —NCS, N₃, and wherein the named groups can besingle or multiple substituted;

In further embodiments within the above defined preferred embodiment,the following embodiments B are preferred in case X is a phenylene ring:

B1: the phenylene ring X is not substituted, or monosubstituted (i.e.contains 0 or 1 substituent Z other than H); and/or

B2: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by I (substituent Z) inposition 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group (position o and o′);and/or

B3: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by Br (substituent Z) inposition 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group (position o and o′);and/or

B4: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by F, Cl, Br or I(substituent Z) in position 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group(position o and o′); and/or

B5: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by I (substituent Z); and/or

B6: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by F, Cl, Br or I(substituent Z); and/or

B6: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by —CH₃ (substituent Z) inposition 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group (position o and o′);and/or

B7: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by —CH₃, —C₂H₅, C₃H₇ and/orC₄H₉ (substituent Z) in position 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group(position o and o′);

B8: the phenylene ring Xis not substituted by —CH₃, —C₂H₅, C₃H₇ and/orC₄H₉.

The preferred embodimemts cited above within the above defined preferredembodiment also comprise the combination of embodiment A with each ofthe embodiments B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7 and B8.

It has proved advantageous in case X is a phenylene ring, if R¹ is ahigher noncyclic or cyclic aliphatic group, starting from C₄, i.e. if R¹is a group selected from those which have been cited beforehand withinthe embodiments A.

In a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, the symbols R¹to R⁹, X, Y and Z have the following meanings:

X is an aromatic cycle selected from a phenylene ring C₆H₄ , in whichone or more H atoms are optionally replaced independently by one or moreof the substituents Z; or X is a 6-membered aromatic heterocyclecontaining 1 or 2 N atoms, in which one or more H atoms are optionallyreplaced independently by one or more of the substituents Z;

R¹ is selected from: H; linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl; linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl; linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₅-C₆ cycloalkenyl; adamantyland norbornyl; and wherein the substituents of the named alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, adamantyl and norbornyl groups areselected from the group F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NCO, —NCS, N₃, and whereinthe named groups can be single or multiple substituted (i.e. in case thenamed groups are substituted, they carry one, two or several of thenamed substituents);

R²-R⁶ are independently of each other selected from: H, F, Cl, Br, I;unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₂ alkyl, C₂-alkenyl, and C₂-alkynyl,and wherein the substituents of the named alkyl, alkenyl and alkynylgroups can be F (i.e. in case the named groups are substituted, thesubstituent is F);

Y is O or S;

Z is selected from F, Cl, Br, I; unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₂alkyl C₂-alkenyl, and C₂-alkynyl, and wherein the substituents of thenamed alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups can be F (i.e. in case the namedgroups are substituted, the substituent is F);

R⁶ is selected from: OR⁷, NR⁸R⁹, NHOH;

R⁷ is selected from H and linear and branched C₁-C₄ alkyl;

R⁸ and R⁹ are independently of each other selected from H and linear andbranched C₁-C₄ alkyl.

Within the above defined more preferred embodiment of the invention, thefollowing embodiments A are preferred in case X is a phenylene ring:

R¹ is selected from linear and branched, unsubstituted and substitutedC₄-C₈ alkyl; linear and branched, substituted and unsubstituted C₄-C₆alkenyl; linear and branched, unsubstituted and substituted C₄-C₆alkynyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₄-C₆ cycloalkyl; substituted andunsubstituted C₅-C₆ cycloalkenyl; adamantyl and norbornyl; and whereinthe substituents of the named alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, adamantyl and norbornyl groups are selected from the groupF, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NCO, —NCS, N₃, and wherein the named groups can besingle or multiple substituted (i.e. in case the named groups aresubstituted, they carry one, two or several of the named substituents);

In further embodiments within the above defined more preferredembodiment, the following embodiments B are preferred in case X is aphenylene ring:

B1: the phenylene ring X is not substituted, or monosubstituted (i.e.contains 0 or 1 substituent Z other than H); and/or

B2: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by I (substituent Z) inposition 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group (position o and o′);and/or

B3: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by Br (substituent Z) inposition 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group (position o and o′);and/or

B4: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by F, Cl, Br or I(substituent Z) in position 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group(position o and o′); and/or

B5: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by I (substituent Z); and/or

B6: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by F, Cl, Br or I(substituent Z); and/or

B6: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by —CH₃ (substituent Z) inposition 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group (position o and o′);and/or

B7: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by —CH₃, —C₂H₅, C₃H₇ and/orC₄H₉ (substituent Z) in position 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group(position o and o′);

B8: the phenylene ring Xis not substituted by —CH₃, —C₂H₅, C₃H₇ and/orC₄H₉.

The preferred embodimemts cited above within the more preferredembodiment also comprise the combination of embodiment A with each ofthe embodiments B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7 and B8.

It has proved advantageous in case X is a phenylene ring, if R¹ is ahigher noncyclic or cyclic aliphatic group, starting from C₄, i.e. if R¹is a group selected from those which have been cited beforehand withinthe embodiments A.

In an even more preferred embodiment of the present invention, thesymbols R¹ to R⁹, X, Y and Z have the following meanings:

X is an aromatic cycle selected from a phenylene ring C₆H₄ , in whichone or more H atoms are optionally replaced independently by one or moreof the substituents Z; or X is a 6-membered aromatic heterocyclecontaining 1 N atom, in which one or more H atoms are optionallyreplaced independently by one or more of the substituents Z;

R¹ is selected from: H; linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl; linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl; linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₃-C₆cycloalkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₅-C₆ cycloalkenyl; adamantyland norbornyl; and wherein the named alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, adamantyl and norbornyl groups can besubstituted by F, (i.e. in case the named groups are substituted, thesubstituent is F), and wherein the named groups can be single ormultiple substituted (i.e. in case the named groups are substituted,they carry one, two or more F);

R²-R⁵ are independently of each other selected from: H; F, Cl, Br, I;unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₂ alkyl, C₂-alkenyl and C₂-alkynyl,and wherein the substituents of the named alkyl, alkenyl and alkynylgroups can be F (i.e. in case the named groups are substituted, thesubstituent is F);

Y is O or S;

Z is selected from F, Cl, Br, I; unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₂alkyl, C₂-alkenyl and C₂-alkynyl, and wherein the substituents of thenamed alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups can be F (i.e. in case the namedgroups are substituted, the substituent is F);

R⁶ is selected from: OR⁷, NR⁸R⁹, NHOH;

R⁷ is selected from H and linear and branched C₁-C₄ alkyl;

R⁸ and R⁹ are independently of each other selected from H and linear andbranched C₁-C₄ alkyl.

Within the above even more preferred embodiment of the invention, thefollowing embodiments A are preferred in case X is a phenylene ring:

R¹ is selected from linear and branched, unsubstituted and substitutedC₄, C₅ and C₆ alkyl; linear and branched, substituted and unsubstitutedC₄, C₅ and C₆ alkenyl; linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₄, C₅ and C₆ alkynyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₄,C₅and C₆ cycloalkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₅ and C₆cycloalkenyl; adamantyl and norbornyl; and wherein the substituents ofthe named alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, adamantyland norbornyl groups are selected from the group F, Cl, Br, I, —CN,—NCO, —NCS, N₃, and wherein the named groups can be single or multiplesubstituted (i.e. in case the named groups are substituted, they carryone, two or several of the named substituents);

In further embodiments within the above defined even more preferredembodiment, the following embodiments B are preferred in case X is aphenylene ring:

B1: the phenylene ring X is not substituted, or monosubstituted (i.e.contains 0 or 1 substituent Z other than H); and/or

B2: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by I (substituent Z) inposition 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group (position o and o′);and/or

B3: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by Br (substituent Z) inposition 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group (position o and o′);and/or

B4: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by F, Cl, Br or I(substituent Z) in position 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group(position o and o′); and/or

B5: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by I (substituent Z); and/or

B6: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by F, Cl, Br or I(substituent Z); and/or

B6: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by —CH₃ (substituent Z) inposition 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group (position o and o′);and/or

B7: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by —CH₃, —C₂H₅, C₃H₇ and/orC₄H₉ (substituent Z) in position 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group(position o and o′);

B8: the phenylene ring Xis not substituted by —CH₃, —C₂H₅, C₃H₇ and/orC₄H₉.

The preferred embodimemts cited above within the even more preferredembodiment also comprise the combination of embodiment A with each ofthe embodiments B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7 and B8.

It has proved advantageous in case X is a phenylene ring, if R¹ is ahigher noncyclic or cyclic aliphatic group, starting from C₄, i.e. if R¹is a group selected from those which have been cited beforehand withinthe embodiments A.

In the first most preferred embodiment of the present invention, thesymbols R¹ to R⁹, X, Y and Z have the following meanings:

X is an aromatic cycle selected from a phenylene ring C₆H₄, in which oneor more H atoms are optionally replaced independently by one or more ofthe substituents Z; or X is a 6-membered aromatic heterocycle containing1 N atom, in which one or more H atoms are optionally replacedindependently by one or more of the substituents Z;

R¹ is selected from: H; linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl;adamantyl and norbornyl; and wherein the substituents of the namedalkyl, cycloalkyl, adamantyl and norbornyl groups can be F (i.e. in casethe named groups are substituted, the substituent is F), and wherein thenamed groups can be single or multiple substituted (i.e. in case thenamed groups are substituted, they carry one, two or several F);

R²-R⁵ are independently of each other selected from: H; F; unsubstitutedand substituted C₁-C₂ alkyl, and wherein the substituents of the namedalkyl groups can be F (i.e. in case the named alkyl groups aresubstituted, the substituent is F);

Y is O.

Z is selected from F, Cl, Br, I; unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₂alkyl, and wherein the named alkyl groups can be substituted by F (i.e.in case the named alkyl groups are substituted, the substituent is F);

R⁶ is selected from: OR⁷, NR⁸R⁹;

R⁷ is selected from H and linear and branched C₁-C₄ alkyl;

R⁸ and R⁹ are independently of each other selected from H and linear andbranched C₁-C₄ alkyl.

In the second most preferred embodiment, the substituents X, R²-R⁵. Y,Z, and R⁶-R⁹ have the same meaning as defined for the first mostpreferred embodiment, and

R¹ is selected from: linear and branched, unsubstituted and substitutedC₁-C₆ alkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl; adamantyland norbornyl; and wherein the substituents of the named alkyl,cycloalkyl, adamantyl and norbornyl groups can be F (i.e. in case thenamed groups are substituted, the substituent is F), and wherein thenamed groups can be single or multiple substituted (i.e. in case thenamed groups are substituted, they carry one, two or several F).

Within the above defined first and second most preferred embodiment ofthe invention, the following embodiments A are preferred in case X is aphenylene ring:

R¹ is selected from: H, linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₄, C₅ and C₆ alkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₄, C₅and C₆ cycloalkyl; adamantyl and norbornyl; and wherein the substituentsof the named alkyl, cycloalkyl, adamantyl and norbornyl groups can be F(i.e. in case the named groups are substituted, the substituent is F),and wherein the named groups can be single or multiple substituted, i.e.the named groups can carry one, two or several F (first preferredembodiment); or R¹ is selected from: linear and branched, unsubstitutedand substituted C₄, C₅ and C₆ alkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₄,C₅ and C₆ cycloalkyl; adamantyl and norbornyl; and wherein thesubstituents of the named alkyl, cycloalkyl, adamantyl and norbornylgroups can be F (i.e. in case the named groups are substituted, thesubstituent is F), and wherein the named groups can be single ormultiple substituted (i.e. the named groups can carry one, two orseveral F) (second preferred embodiment).

In further embodiments within the above defined first and second mostpreferred embodiment, the following embodiments B are preferred in caseX is a phenylene ring:

In further embodiments within the above defined most general embodiment,the following embodiments B are preferred in case X is a phenylene ring:

B1: the phenylene ring X is not substituted, or monosubstituted (i.e.contains 0 or 1 substituent Z other than H); and/or

B2: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by I (substituent Z) inposition 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group (position o and o′);and/or

B3: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by Br (substituent Z) inposition 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group (position o and o′);and/or

B4: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by F, Cl, Br or I(substituent Z) in position 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group(position o and o′); and/or

B5: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by I (substituent Z); and/or

B6: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by F, Cl, Br or I(substituent Z); and/or

B6: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by —CH₃ (substituent Z) inposition 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group (position o and o′);and/or

B7: the phenylene ring X is not substituted by —CH₃, —C₂H₅, C₃H₇ and/orC₄H₉ (substituent Z) in position 2 and 6 with respect to the ether group(position o and o′);

B8: the phenylene ring Xis not substituted by —CH₃, —C₂H₅, C₃H₇ and/orC₄H₉.

The preferred embodimemts cited above within the first and second mostpreferred embodiment also comprise the combination of embodiment A witheach of the embodiments B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7 and B8.

It has proved advantageous in case X is a phenylene ring, if R¹ is ahigher noncyclic or cyclic aliphatic group, starting from C₄, i.e. if R¹is a group selected from those which have been cited beforehand withinthe embodiments A.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, R¹ is selectedfrom: H; linear and branched, unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,preferably linear and branched, substituted an unsubstituted C₁-C₅alkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl; adamantanyl andnorbornyl; and wherein the named alkyl, cycloalkyl, adamantanyl andnorbornyl groups can be substituted by F (i.e. in case the named groupsare substituted, the substituent is F), and wherein the named groups canbe single or multiple substituted (i.e. the named groups can carry one,two or several F), and R²-R⁵, X, Y, Z, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ and R⁹ have themeanings as defined in the general, the preferred, the more preferred,the even more preferred, the first most preferred or the second mostpreferred embodiments. Within the above defined preferred embodiment ofthe invention, the following embodiments A are preferred in case X is aphenylene ring:

R¹ is selected from: H, linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₄, C₅ and C₆ alkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₄, C₅and C₆ cycloalkyl, preferably C₅ and C₆ cycloalkyl; adamantyl andnorbornyl; and wherein the substituents of the named alkyl, cycloalkyl,adamantyl and norbornyl groups can be F (i.e. in case the named groupsare substituted, the substituent is F), and wherein the named groups canbe single or multiple substituted (i.e. the named groups can carry one,two or several F); and R²-R⁵, X, Y, Z, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ and R⁹ have themeanings as defined in the preferred, the more preferred, the even morepreferred, the first most preferred or the second most preferredembodiments; wherein the substituents and substitution patterns for thephenylene ring X are as set forth in the embodiments B1, B2, B3, B4, B5,B6 and B7.

The present preferred embodimemts cited above also comprise thecombination of embodiment A with each of the embodiments B1, B2, B3, B4,B5, B6, B7 and B8.

It has proved advantageous in case X is a phenylene ring, if R¹ is ahigher noncyclic or cyclic aliphatic group, starting from C₄, i.e. if R¹is a group selected from those which have been cited beforehand withinthe embodiments A.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, R¹ is selectedfrom: linear and branched, unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,preferably linear and branched, substituted an unsubstituted C₁-C₆alkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl; adamantanyl andnorbornyl; and wherein the named alkyl, cycloalkyl, adamantanyl andnorbornyl groups can be substituted by F (i.e. in case the named groupsare substituted, the substituent is F), and wherein the named groups canbe single or multiple substituted (i.e. the named groups can carry one,two or several F), and R²-R⁵, X, Y, Z, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ and R⁹ have themeanings as defined in the general, the preferred, the more preferred,the even more preferred, the first most preferred or the second mostpreferred embodiments. Within the above defined preferred embodiment ofthe invention, the following embodiments A are preferred in case X is aphenylene ring:

R¹ is selected from: linear and branched, unsubstituted and substitutedC₄, C₅ and C₆ alkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₄, C₅ and C₆cycloalkyl, preferably C₅ and C₆ cycloalkyl; adamantyl and norbornyl;and wherein the substituents of the named alkyl, cycloalkyl, adamantyland norbornyl groups can be F (i.e. in case the named groups aresubstituted, the substituent is F), and wherein the named groups can besingle or multiple substituted (i.e. the named groups can carry one, twoor several F); and R²-R⁵, X, Y, Z, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ and R⁹ have themeanings as defined in the general, the preferred, the more preferred,the even more preferred, the first most preferred or the second mostpreferred embodiments; wherein the substituents and substitutionpatterns for the phenylene ring X are as set forth in the embodimentsB1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6 and B7.

The present preferred embodimemts cited above also comprise thecombination of embodiment A with each of the embodiments B1, B2, B3, B4,B5, B6, B7 and B8.

It has proved advantageous in case X is a phenylene ring, if R¹ is ahigher noncyclic or cyclic aliphatic group, starting from C₄, i.e. if R¹is a group selected from those which have been cited beforehand withinthe embodiments A.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, R¹ is a groupselected from —C(CH₃)₃, —C(CH₃)₂C₂H₅, cyclohexyl and adamantanyl, andR²-R⁵, X, Y, Z, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ and R⁹ have the meanings as defined inthe general, the preferred, the more preferred, the even more preferred,the first most preferred or the second most preferred embodiment,including the definitions for the case that X is a substituted or nonsubstituted phenylene group.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the carbonylderived group —C(Y)R⁶ connected to the aromatic ring is in position 4with respect to the ether bridge, and R¹, R²-R⁵, X, Y, Z, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸and R⁹ have the meanings as defined in the general, the preferred, themore preferred, the even more preferred, the first most preferred or thesecond most preferred embodiment, including the definitions for the casethat X is a substituted or non substituted phenylene group.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, X is anaromatic cycle selected from a phenylene ring C₆H₄ , in which one ormore H atoms are optionally replaced independently by one or more of thesubstituents Z; or X is a 6-membered aromatic heterocycle containing 1 Natom, in which one or more H atoms are optionally replaced independentlyby one or more of the substituents Z; and R¹, R²-R⁵, X, Y, Z, R⁶, R⁷,and R⁸ and R⁹ have the meanings as defined in the general, thepreferred, the more preferred, the even more preferred, the first mostpreferred or the second most preferred embodiment, including thedefinitions for the case that X is a substituted or non substitutedphenylene group.

In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, X is anaromatic cycle selected from a phenylene ring C₆H₄ , in which one ormore H atoms are optionally replaced independently by one or more of thesubstituents Z; or X is a 6-membered aromatic heterocycle containing 1 Natom in position 2 with respect to the ether bridge, in which one ormore H atoms are optionally replaced independently by one or more of thesubstituents Z; and R¹, R²-R⁵, X, Y, Z, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ and R⁹ have themeanings as defined in the general, the preferred, the more preferred,the even more preferred, the first most preferred or the second mostpreferred embodiments, including the definitions for the case that X isa substituted or non substituted phenylene group.

In a further preferred embodiment of the present invention, if X is aphenlyene group, at least one of R²-R⁵ and Z is a substituent other thanH, in case R¹ is H or CH₃. This applies for the general, the preferred,the more preferred, the even more preferred, the first most preferred orthe second most preferred embodiments of the invention

The term “individual” as used in the context of the present applicationincludes any kind of animals, preferably mammals, and even morepreferred humans.

Preferred compounds according to the present invention showing Notchsignaling enhancing activities are depicted below. As the case may be,each compound may fall into the group of the general compounds of theinvention as defined in connection with the general formula I, or intothe group of preferred compounds, more preferred compounds, even morepreferred compounds, first most preferred or second most preferredcompounds as defined beforehand.

-   -   Journal of Materials Chemistry C: Materials for Optical and        Electronic Devices (2013), 1 (34), 5315-5321, Hachisuga et al.:        “Flying-seed-like liquid crystals 3: new guideline for the        induction of mesomorphism by using bulky groups instead of long        alkyl chains”.    -   Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho (2012), JP 2012056851 A 20120322, Ito et        al.: “Photochemical preparation of aromatic carboxylic acids        from aromatic compounds using anthraquinone compounds”.

-   -   WO 93/24442, PCT/JP93/00710: “Medicine containing benzoic acid        derivative as testosterone 5 -reductase inhibitor and novel        benzoic acid derivative”.

The present invention also relates to a compound showing the generalformula (I) and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof,in all preferred, more preferred, even more preferred, first mostpreferred and second most preferred embodiments, and of the individualcompounds depicted above, for enhancing Notch signaling in anindividual.

In a further embodiment of the invention, it relates to the compounds asdefined in connection with formula (I) and/or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or ester thereof, including all preferred, morepreferred, even more preferred, first most preferred and second mostpreferred embodiments, and of the individual compounds depicted above,for the treatment of a disease associated with reduced Notch signalingactivity.

The present invention also comprises a method of treating a disease inan individual, comprising administering a compound showing the generalformula (I) and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof,in all general, preferred, more preferred, even more preferred, firstmost preferred and second most preferred embodiments, and of theindividual compounds depicted above, to the individual.

The diseases which can be treated with the compounds of the inventioninclude diseases selected from the group of dermatological disordersincluding atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, immune related disorders, cancerincluding but not limited to squamous cell carcinoma, for examplecutaneous and lung squamous cell carcinoma, head and neck cancer,non-melanoma skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma and actinic keratosis,neuroendocrine tumors, for example neuroendocrine small cell carcinomaand carcinoid tumors, thyroid carcinomas; and muscular disordersincluding muscular dystrophy and impaired regeneration capacity afterinjury; and the compounds of the invention can be used in immunotherapyfor cancer.

In the context of the present application, the term “impairedregeneration after injury” preferably relates to muscle injury causedby: diseases such as muscle dystrophy; exposure to myotoxic agents, suchas hypivacaine or lidocaine; sharp or blunt trauma, such as punctures orcontusions; ischemia; exposure to hot or cold temperatures; the muscle'sown contraction, for example in exercise-induced muscle damage andregeneration, in particular following eccentric exercise.

Diseases which are preferably treated by the compounds of the inventioninclude atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, squamous cell carcinoma, forexample cutaneous and lung squamous cell carcinoma, non-melanoma skincancer, head and neck cancer, basal cell carcinoma and actinickeratosis.

Diseases which are most preferably treated by the compounds of theinvention include immune related disorders.

In a further most preferred embodiment of the invention, the compoundsare used in immunotherapy for cancer.

Within the teachings of the present invention, the diseases named abovein the general, preferred and most preferred embodiments are caused bylow Notch signaling and can thus be treated by administering thecompounds according to the invention. Preferably, the compounds of theinvention are not used for treating prostate cancer (prostatecarcinoma), in particular in case X is a phenylene ring.

In a further embodiment of the invention, it relates to the compounds asdefined in connection with formula (I)) and/or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or ester thereof, including all preferred, morepreferred, even more preferred, first most preferred and second mostpreferred embodiments, and of the individual compounds depicted above,for the treatment of a disease selected from the group of dermatologicaldisorders including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, immune relateddisorders, cancer including but not limited to squamous cell carcinoma,for example cutaneous and lung squamous cell carcinoma, head and neckcancer, non-melanoma skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma and actinickeratosis; neuroendocrine tumors, for example neuroendocrine small cellcarcinoma and carcinoid tumors, and thyroid carcinomas, musculardisorders including muscular dystrophy and impaired regenerationcapacity after injury, as well as for the use in immunotherapy forcancer. Preferably, the invention does not relate to the cited compoundsfor the treatment of prostate cancer (prostate carcinoma), in particularin case X is a phenylene ring.

Diseases which are preferably treated by the compounds of the inventioninclude atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, squamous cell carcinoma, forexample cutaneous and lung squamous cell carcinoma, non-melanoma skincancer, head and neck cancer, basal cell carcinoma and actinickeratosis.

Diseases which are most preferably treated by the compounds of theinvention include immune related disorders.

In a further most preferred embodiment of the invention, the compoundsare used in immunotherapy for cancer.

The present invention also relates to the compounds as defined inconnection with formula (I) and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orester thereof, including all preferred, more preferred, even morepreferred, first most preferred and second most preferred embodiments,and of the individual compounds depicted above, for use as a medicament,except for those compounds of which it is known that they can be used asa medicament (pharmaceutical activity) is known.

Compounds which are described in the art as having a physiologicalactivity are the compounds of formula (Ia) wherein all of R²-R⁵ are H,the phenylene ring is not substituted by Z, —C(Y)R⁶ is in position 4with respect to the ether bridge, Y is O, R⁶ is OR⁷, R⁷ is H, and R¹ isH or CH₃. These compounds are disclosed in US 2004/0180889, in thecontext of the treatment of a Pin-1 associated disease including severalcancer diseases. No physiological activity for these compounds is shownin the application.

Further compounds according to formula (I) known to have apharmaceutical activity are the compounds of formula (Ia) wherein all ofR²-R⁵ are H, the phenylene ring is not substituted by Z, —C(Y)R⁶ is inposition 4 with respect to the ether bridge, Y is O, R⁶ is OR⁷, R⁷ isH,and R¹ is i-propyl or cyclohexyl; and compounds of formula (Ia)wherein all of R²-R⁵ are H, the phenylene ring is substituted by CI(substituent Z) in position 2 with respect to the ether bridge, —C(Y)R⁶is in position 4 with respect to the ether bridge, Y is O, R⁶ is OR⁷, R⁷is H, and R¹ is H, i-propyl or norbornyl; and the compound of formula(Ia) wherein all of R²-R⁵ are H, the phenylene ring is substituted by F(substituent Z) in position 2 with respect to the ether bridge, —C(Y)R⁶is in position 4 with respect to the ether bridge, Y is O, R⁶ is OR⁷, R⁷is H, and R¹ is methyl. The above compounds (which include compound V169as mentioned in the present application) are described in WO 93/24442 astestosterone 5-reductase inhibitors and can, inter alia, be used for thetreatment of prostate cancer (prostate carcinoma).

Still, the present invention also relates to the compounds as defined inconnection with formula (I), including all preferred, more prefered,even more preferred, first most preferred and second most preferredembodiments as such. Compounds which are known as such are not anembodiment of the present invention.

Compounds which are known as such are compounds V058, V119, V124, V126,V128, V134. V142, V151, and V169.

Still further compounds according to formula (I) known as such are thecompounds of formula (Ia) wherein all of R²-R⁵ are H, the phenylene ringis not substituted by Z, —C(Y)R⁶ is in position 4 with respect to theether bridge, Y is O, R⁶ is OR⁷, R⁷ is H, and R¹ is i-propyl orcyclohexyl; and compounds of formula (Ia) wherein all of R²-R⁵ are H,the phenylene ring is substituted by CI (substituent Z) in position 2with respect to the ether bridge, —C(Y)R⁶ is in position 4 with respectto the ether bridge, Y is O, R⁶ is OR⁷, R⁷ is H, and R¹ is H, i-propylor norbornyl; and the compound of formula (Ia) wherein all of R²-R⁵ areH, the phenylene ring is substituted by F (substituent Z) in position 2with respect to the ether bridge, —C(Y)R⁶ is in position 4 with respectto the ether bridge, Y is O, R⁶ is OR⁷, R⁷ is H, and R¹ is methyl. Theabove compounds (which include compound V169 as mentioned in the presentapplication) are described in WO 93/24442.

Further compounds which are described in the art as such are thecompounds of formula (Ia) wherein all of R²-R⁵ are H, the phenylene ringis not substituted by Z, —C(Y)R⁶ is in position 4 with respect to theether bridge, Y is O, R⁶ is OR⁷, R⁷ is H, and R¹ is H or CH₃. Thesecompounds are disclosed in US 2004/0180889.

The present invention also relates to the compounds as defined inconnection with formula (I) and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orester thereof, including all general, preferred, more preferred, evenmore preferred, first most preferred and second most preferredembodiments, and of the individual compounds depicted above, for use asa medicament in combination therapy, wherein the said compounds areadministered in combination with another method of treatment includingbut not limited to surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapyand immunotherapy. The present invention also comprises the use of theseabove defined compounds in combination therapy for the treatment of forthe treatment of a disease selected from the group of dermatologicaldisorders including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, immune relateddisorders, cancer including but not limited to squamous cell carcinoma,for example cutaneous and lung squamous cell carcinoma, head and neckcancer, non-melanoma skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma and actinickeratosis; neuroendocrine tumors, for example neuroendocrine small cellcarcinoma and carcinoid tumors, and thyroid carcinomas, musculardisorders including muscular dystrophy and impaired regenerationcapacity after injury, as well as for the use in immunotherapy forcancer. Preferably, the invention does not relate to the cited compoundsfor the treatment of prostate cancer (prostate carcinoma), in particularin case X is a phenylene ring.

The term “combination therapy” includes both the sequential and thesimultaneous combination of treatments.

The compounds can be used for enhancing Notch signaling, as et forthbelow.

The Notch receptor is synthesized as a 300 kDa precursor that is cleavedby furin-like convertase(s) in the trans-Golgi compartment. Theresulting extracellular/lumenal N-terminal fragment and transmembranedomain/intracellular domain C-terminal fragment are assembled into themature heterodimer receptor through a noncovalent linkage. Theextracellular/lumenal portion of Notch undergoes extensive N- andO-linked glycosylation during Notch synthesis and secretion, which iscritical for proper folding of the receptor and its subsequentinteractions with ligands. Following export to the cell surface, Notchsignal transduction is initiated by ligand binding and endocytosis,which generate the forces needed to expose an otherwise inaccessibleADAM10/TACE/Kuz/SUP-17 cleavage site in the extracellular portion of theNotch C-terminal fragment. Cleavage at this site produces the activated,membrane-anchored Notch form termed Notch extracellular truncation(NEXT). NEXT is subsequently cleaved by the intramembrane aspartylprotease complex y-secretase, leading to release of the Notchintracellular signal-transducing fragment termed Notch intracellulardomain (NICD). This cleavage can occur at the cell surface and withinthe endosomal trafficking pathway. In the absence of NICD, most Notchtarget genes are maintained in an actively repressed state through theformation of transcriptional complexes involving CSL transcriptionfactors and various corepressors (CoRep). Upon nuclear translocation ofNICD, corepressors associated with CSL are displaced and atranscriptionally active complex consisting of CSL, NICD, Mastermind(Mam), and coactivators (CoAct) assembles, leading to activation ofNotch target genes.

This schematic presents a simplified overview of the main conservedfeatures of Notch synthesis and signaling; details of the biochemicalmechanisms involved are omitted for the sake of clarity, the positionsof the Notch diagrams are not intended to accurately depict the topologyof Notch in various membrane compartments, and the glycosylation symbolsand transcriptional complex diagrams are illustrative and do not implyspecific glycosylation site locations or protein-protein interactions.

Without wishing to be bound by this theory, it is supposed that thecompounds of the invention having Notch signaling enhancing propertiesstabilize the complex CSL-NICD, resulting in an activation of the Notchtarget genes.

In case of a pathological condition (i.e. in case the individual suffersfrom a disease as mentioned herein), the administration of a Notchsignaling enhancing compound according to the invention leads to eithera normalization of the level of the Notch target genes (as found inhealthy individuals), or even to a level higher than that found inhealthy individuals,

As used herein, the term “enhancing Notch signaling” refers to an effecton a cellular Notch-driven luciferase reporter assay, by which the Notchsignaling enhancing properties of the compounds of the invention aredetermined. The Notch-driven luciferase reporter assay consists of HeLacells engineered to express the Notch1 full length receptor, and toharbor a CSL-driven firefly luciferase expression construct as well as aNotch independent Renilla luciferase construct for the purpose ofnormalisation. These cells are co-cultured with engineered HeLa cellsexpressing the Notch ligand DII4 to induce Notch signaling, thus toinduce the expression of the firefly luciferase enzyme. The intensity ofa luciferase-driven reporter signal is considered as a measure for Notchsignaling.

A compound is considered as having an effect of enhancing Notchsignaling if said compound results relative to DMSO in ≥1.5-foldincrease, preferably in ≥2.0-fold increase, more preferably in ≥2.5-foldincrease and most preferably in ≥3.0-fold increase of theLuciferase-driven reporter signal in the frame of the namedNotch-dependent luciferase reporter assay.

Although Notch was historically identified as an oncogene, studieswithin the last decade have also demonstrated the tumor suppressiveeffects of Notch signaling (Koch and Radtke, 2010) (South et al., 2012).In particular in tissues in which Notch signaling inducesdifferentiation such as the skin, and neuroendocrine organs, Notchfunctions as a tumor suppressor. Thus activating or increasing Notchsignaling in cancers including but not limited to cutaneous and lungsquamous cell carcinoma (Wang et al., 2011), head and neck cancer(Agrawal et al., 2011; Stransky et al., 2011), neuroendocrine tumorssuch as thyroid carcinoma (Yu et al., 2013), or neuroendocrine smallcell carcinoma (Sriuranpong et al., 2001) and carcinoid tumors(Greenblatt et al., 2007) will induce differentiation and block growthof cancer cells.

Some of the compounds of the inventions and/or salts or esters thereof,will exist in different stereoisomeric forms. All of these forms aresubjects of the invention.

Described below are exemplary salts of the compounds according to theinvention which are included herein. The list of the different saltsstated below is not meant to be complete and limiting.

Compounds according to the invention which contain one or more acidicgroups can be used according to the invention, e.g. as alkali metalsalts, alkaline earth metal salts or as ammonium salts. More preciseexamples of such salts include sodium salts, potassium salts, calciumsalts, magnesium salts or salts with ammonia or organic amines such as,e.g. ethylamine, ethanolamine, triethanolamine or amino acids.

Compounds according to the invention which contain one or more basicgroups, i.e. groups which can be protonated, can be present and can beused according to the invention in the form of their addition salts withinorganic or organic acids.

Compounds according to the invention which contain a carboxylic acidgroup or a thiocarboxylic acid group can be used according to theinvention in the form of the respective ester. Esters are thoseaccording to formula (I) in which H of the carboxy or the thiocarboxygroup is replaced by an organic residue. Suitable organic residues areknown to a person skilled in the art. Preferred organic residues includethe following:

An unsubstituted or at least monosubstituted alkyl, preferably a C₁-C₁₀alkyl, an alkenyl, preferably C₂-C₁₀-alkenyl, an alkynyl, preferablyC₃-C₁₀-alkynyl, and an unsubstituted or at least monosubstituted,saturated or unsaturated, non-aromatic or aromatic ring having 3 to 6C-atoms, and which may contain in the ring one or more heteroatoms fromthe group N, S or O, and which heteroatom may be identical or differentif more than one heteroatom is present. Said substituents being selectedfrom the group consisting of halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, N, S, O,carboxy, sulphonyl, and the like and which can be further substituted.

Examples for current aromatic groups include aryl groups, for examplephenyl groups, and heteroaryl groups, which aryl and heteroaryl groupsmay be substituted, preferably by the substituents given above.

The term “C₁-C₄-alkyl” refers to methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl,n-butyl, iso-butyl and tert.-butyl.

“C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl” or “C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl ring” means a cyclic alkyl chainhaving 3-7 carbon atoms, e.g. cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptyl. Each hydrogen of a cycloalkylcarbon may be replaced by a substituent.

“Heterocyclyl” or “heterocycle” means a cyclopentane, cyclohexane orcycloheptane ring that may contain up to the maximum number of doublebonds (aromatic or non-aromatic ring which is fully, partially orun-saturated) wherein at least one carbon atom up to 4 carbon atoms arereplaced by a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of sulfur(including —S(O)—, —S(O)₂—), oxygen and nitrogen (including ═N(O)—) andwherein the ring is linked to the rest of the molecule via a carbon ornitrogen atom. Examples for a heterocycle include but are not restrictedto furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyrroline, imidazole, imidazoline,pyrazole, pyrazoline, oxazole, oxazoline, isoxazole, isoxazoline,thiazole, thiazoline, isothiazole, isothiazoline, thiadiazole,thiadiazoline, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, pyrrolidine,imidazolidine, pyrazolidine, oxazolidine, isoxazolidine, thiazolidine,isothiazolidine, thiadiazolidine, sulfolane, pyran, dihydropyran,tetrahydropyran, imidazolidine, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrazine,pyrimidine, piperazine, piperidine, morpholine, tetrazole, triazole,triazolidine, tetrazolidine, azepine or homopiperazine. “Heterocycle”means also azetidine.

Examples for suitable salts include hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide,phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, methanesulfonic acid,p-toluenesulfonic acid, napthalenedisulfonic acid, oxalic acid, aceticacid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, benzoic acid, formicacid, propionic acid, pivalic acid, diethylacetic acid, malonic acid,succinic acid, pimelic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, malic acid,sulfamic acid, phenylpropionic acid, gluconic acid, ascorbic acid,isonicotinic acid, citric acid, adipic acid and other acids known to aperson skilled in the art.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatoryagency such as the EMEA (Europe) and/or the FDA (US) and/or any othernational regulatory agency for use in animals, preferably in humans.

Compounds according to the invention which contain several basic groupscan simultaneously form different salts.

If a compound according to the invention simultaneously contains acidicand basic groups in the molecule, the invention also includes, inaddition to the salt forms mentioned, inner salts or betaines.

The respective salts of the compounds according to the invention can beobtained by customary methods which are known to the person skilled inthe art, for example by contacting these with an organic or inorganicacid or base in a solvent or dispersant, or by anion exchange or cationexchange with other salts.

Furthermore, the invention includes all salts of the compounds accordingto the invention which, owing to low physiological compatibility, arenot directly suitable for use in pharmaceuticals but which can be used,for example, as intermediates for chemical reactions or for thepreparation of pharmaceutically acceptable salts or which might besuitable for studying Notch signaling activity of a compound accordingof the invention in any suitable manner, such as any suitable in vitroassay.

The present invention furthermore includes all solvates and tautomers ofthe compounds according to the invention.

The present invention furthermore includes derivatives/prodrugs(including the salts thereof) of the compounds according to theinvention which contain physiologically tolerable and cleavable groupsand which are metabolized in animals, preferably mammals, mostpreferably humans into a compound according to the invention.

The present invention furthermore includes the metabolites of thecompounds according to the invention.

The term “metabolites” refers to all molecules derived from any of thecompounds according to the invention in a cell or organism, preferablymammal.

Preferably the term relates to molecules which differ from any moleculewhich is present in any such cell or organism under physiologicalconditions

The structure of the metabolites of the compounds according to theinvention will be obvious to any person skilled in the art using thevarious appropriate methods

The compounds according to general formula (I) can be prepared accordingto methods published in the literature or, respectively, analogousmethods.

Methods for the synthesis of the compounds are described e.g., inHouben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie (Methods of OrganicChemistry), Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart, or Organic Reactions, John Wiley &Sons, New York.

Depending on the circumstances of the individual case, in order to avoidside reactions during the synthesis of a compound of the general formula(I), it can be necessary or advantageous to temporarily block functionalgroups by introducing protective groups and to deprotect them in a laterstage of the synthesis, or introduce functional groups in the form ofprecursor groups which in a later stage are converted into the desiredfunctional groups. Such synthesis strategies and protective groups andprecursor groups which are suitable in an individual case are known tothe person skilled in the art.

If desired, the compounds of the formula (I) can be purified bycustomary purification procedures, for example by recrystallization orchromatography. The starting compounds for the preparation of thecompounds of the formula (I) are commercially available or can beprepared according to or analogously to literature procedures.

A detailed protocol for the preparation of the compounds of theinvention is given further below

The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound as defined in connection with formula (I),including all preferred, more preferred, even more preferred, first mostpreferred and second most preferred embodiments, in admixture with aninert carrier, wherein said inert carrier is a pharmaceutical carrier.

The term “carrier” refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehiclewith which the therapeutic is administered. Such pharmaceutical carrierscan be sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those ofpetroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, including but notlimited to peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and thelike. Water is a preferred carrier when the pharmaceutical compositionis administered orally. Saline and aqueous dextrose are preferredcarriers when the pharmaceutical composition is administeredintravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerolsolutions are preferably employed as liquid carriers for injectablesolutions. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose,lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodiumstearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk,glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like.Thecomposition, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting oremulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. These compositions can takethe form of solutions, suspensions, emulsions, tablets, pills, capsules,powders, sustained-release formulations and the like. The compositioncan be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders andcarriers such as triglycerides. Oral formulation can include standardcarriers such as pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch,magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate,etc. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in“Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” by E. W. Martin. Such compositionswill contain a therapeutically effective amount of the therapeutic,preferably in purified form, together with a suitable amount of carrierso as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient. Theformulation should suit the mode of administration.

Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for the preparation of acompound according to the invention comprising the steps of coupling,preferably via S_(N)Ar coupling, of substituted phenols withelectron-poor aromatic (heteroaromatic) halides. The so-synthesizedbiaryl ethers are further derivatized by procedures includinghydrolysis, esterification and amidation. Compounds can be purified byacid-base extraction, or by column chromatography on silica gel, orprecipitation/recrystallization, or by other methods of purificationknown to a person skilled in the art including preparative thin layerchromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

The compounds according to the invention and their pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, optionally in combination with other pharmaceuticallyactive compounds suitable to enhance Notch signaling and/or to treat orprevent the above-cited disease or with any other of the drugs known toa person skilled in the art suitable to enhance Notch signaling and/ortreat or prevent these diseases can be administered to animals,preferably to mammals, and in particular humans, as pharmaceuticals bythemselves, in mixtures with one another or in the form ofpharmaceutical preparations.

Various delivery systems are known and can be used to administer acompound of the invention for enhancing Notch signaling and/or to treatthe diseases cited, e.g. encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, andmicrocapsules:

If not delivered directly to the central nervous system, it isadvantageous to select and/or modify methods of administration in such away as to allow the pharmaceutical compound to cross the blood-brainbarrier.

Methods of introduction include, but are not limited to, intradermal,intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal,epidural, and oral routes. The compounds may be administered by anyconvenient route, for example by infusion, by bolus injection, byabsorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings and may beadministered together with other biologically active agents.

Administration can be systemic or local. In addition, it may bedesirable to introduce the pharmaceutical compositions of the inventioninto the central nervous system by any suitable route, includingintraventricular and intrathecal injection; intraventricular injectionmay be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example,attached to a reservoir, such as an Ommaya reservoir. Pulmonaryadministration can also be employed, e.g. by use of an inhaler ornebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent.

In another embodiment, the therapeutic can be delivered in a vesicle, inparticular a liposome (Langer (1990) Science 249:1527-1533; Treat et al.(1989) Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer,Lopez-Berestein and Fidler, eds., Liss, New York, 353-365;Lopez-Berestein, ibid., 317-327)

In yet another embodiment, the therapeutic can be delivered via acontrolled release system. In one embodiment, a pump may be used (Sefton(1987) CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:201-240; Buchwald et al. (1980)Surgery 88:507-516; Saudek et al. (1989) N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574-579).In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used (MedicalApplications of Controlled Release, Langer and Wise, eds., CRC Press,Boca Raton, Florida (1974); Controlled Drug Bioavailability, DrugProduct Design and Performance, Smolen and Ball, eds., Wiley, New York(1984); Ranger and Peppas (1983) Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem.23:61; Levy et al. (1985) Science 228:190-192; During et al. (1989) Ann.Neurol. 25:351-356; Howard et al. (1989) J. Neurosurg. 71:858-863). Inyet another embodiment, a controlled release system can be placed inproximity of the therapeutic target, i.e., the brain, thus requiringonly a fraction of the systemic dose (e.g. Goodson, 1984, In: MedicalApplications of Controlled Release, supra, Vol. 2,115-138). Othercontrolled release systems are discussed in the review by Langer (1990,Science 249:1527⁻1533).

In order to select an appropriate way of administration, the personskilled in the art will also consider routes of administration whichhave been selected for other known drugs which enhance Notch signalingor which are used to treat the above-cited diseases.

For example, drugs are being taken orally, has been launched both astablets/liquid and as an i.v.-solution.

In order to select the appropriate dosage, the person skilled in the artwill choose a dosage which has been shown to be not toxic in preclinicaland/or clinical studies and which can be in accordance with the valuesgiven beforehand, or which may deviate from these.

The precise dose to be employed in the formulation will also depend onthe route of administration, and the seriousness of the disease ordisorder, and should be decided according to the judgment of thepractitioner and each patient's circumstances. However, suitable dosageranges for intravenous administration are generally about 20-500micrograms of active compound per kilogram body weight. Suitable dosageranges for intranasal administration are generally about 0.01 mg/kg bodyweight to 1 mg/kg body weight. Effective doses may be extrapolated fromdose-response curves derived from in vitro or animal model test systems.

Experimental Results

wherein Hal is selected from F and Cl

A solution of the respective phenol and the benzoate derivative or,respectively, the carboxylic acid derivative of an aromatic 6-memberedheterocycle having 1 or 2 N-atoms, as defined in connection with formula(I), or their substituted derivatives in an appropriate solvent,preferably a polar aprotic solvent, most preferably DMSO, and preferablyunder addition of anhydrous K₂CO₃ , was stirred at a temperature between80° C. and 120° C. depending on the substrate until the limitingreactant was fully converted. The reaction was quenched by addition ofwater, extracted with organic solvent (preferably Et₂O, EtOAc and DCMdepending on the substrate). The combined organic layers were washedwith sat. aqueous NaCl solution, dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated todryness under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by flashcolumn chromatography to give the desired biarylether.

wherein R⁶ is an alkoxy group, preferably OC₂H₅

Hydrolysis of ester: A solution of the respective ester, preferably theethyl ester in EtOH/0.5 M NaOH was stirred at a temperature between 40°C. and 120° C. depending on the substrate, preferably 80° C. until thecomplete consumption of the starting materials. The reaction mixture wascooled down to room temperature and then concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was dissolved in water, acidified, and extractedwith an appropriate organic solvent (preferably EtOAC or DCM). Thecombined organic layers were washed with sat. aqueous NaCl solution,dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. Thecrude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel, or byrecrystallization to give the desired carboxylic acid.

wherein R⁶ is is an alkoxy group, preferably OC₂H₅

Amidation of ester: To a sealed tube were added a solution of therespective ester, preferably the ethyl ester and preferably calciumchloride in an appropriate solvent, preferably MeOH and a solution ofNH₃ in an appropriate solvent, preferably MeOH. The mixture was stirredat a temperature between 40° C. and 120° C. depending on the substrate,preferably 80° C. until the reaction was completed. The reaction mixturewas cooled down to room temperature and concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was resolved in EtOAc and sat. aqueous NH₄Clsolution. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc. The combinedorganic layers were washed with sat. aqueous NaCl solution, dried overNa₂SO₄ and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The crudeproduct was purified by flash column chromatography to give the desiredamide.

Ethyl 6-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)nicotinate (V042)

General procedure A: Ethyl 6-chloronicotinate (840 mg, 4.53 mmol, 1.00equiv), 4-(tert-butyl)phenol (875 mg, 5.82 mmol, 1.29 equiv) and K₂CO₃(958 mg, 6.93 mmol, 1.53 equiv) in DMSO (5 mL) were stirred at 100° C.for 24 h. Purification by column chromatography (EtOAc/petroleum ether1/15) gave the desired product as colourless solid (1.23 g, 4.10 mmol,90%); HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₁₈H₂₂NO₃ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 300.1594, found:300.1589; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.88-8.79 (m, 1H), 8.26 (dd,J=8.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.13-7.04 (m, 2H), 6.91 (dd,J=8.6, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.38 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.34(s, 9H).

6-(4-(tert-Butyl)phenoxy)nicotinic acid (V058)

General procedure B: Ethyl 6-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)nicotinate (V042)(1.22 g, 4.08 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in a mixture of EtOH (12 mL) and 0.5 MNaOH (12 mL) was stirred at 80° C. for 2 h. Filtration of the acidifiedcrude product through cotton using DCM gave the pure desired productwithout further purification as colourless solid (1.10 g, 4.05 mmol,99%); HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₁₆H₁₆NO₃ ⁻ [M−H]⁻ 270.1136, found:270.1134; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 11.38 (s, 1H), 8.84 (m, 1H),8.33-8.30 (m, 1H), 7.45 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.95(d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 1.35 (s, 9H).

Ethyl 6-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)nicotinate (V111)

General procedure A: Ethyl 6-chloronicotinate (205 mg, 1.10 mmol, 1.00equiv), 4-(tert-pentyl)phenol (238 mg, 1.45 mmol, 1.31 equiv) and K₂CO₃(240 mg, 1.73 mmol, 1.57 equiv) in DMSO (2 mL) were stirred at 80° C.for 4 days. Purification by column chromatography (EtOAc/petroleum ether1:20) gave the desired product as colourless oil (332 mg, 1.06 mmol,96%); HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₁₉H₂₄NO₃ ⁺ [M+H]+314.1751, found:314.1753; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.85 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.25(dd, J=8.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.07 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H),6.89 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.65 (q, J=7.4 Hz, 2H),1.37 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.29 (s, 6H), 0.71 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Ethyl 6-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)nicotinate (V112)

General procedure A: Ethyl 6-chloronicotinate (206 mg, 1.11 mmol, 1.00equiv), 4-cyclohexylphenol (252 mg, 1.43 mmol, 1.29 equiv) and K₂CO₃(243 mg, 1.76 mmol, 1.58 equiv) in DMSO (2 mL) were stirred at 80° C.for 4 days. Purification by column chromatography (EtOAc/petroleum ether1/20) gave the desired product as colourless solid (333 mg, 1.02 mmol,92%); HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₂₀H₂₄NO₃ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 326.1751, found:326.1757; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.89 (s, 1H), 8.29 (d, J=8.0Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.10 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 6.93 (d, J=8.5Hz, 1H), 4.41 (q, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.59-2.54 (m, 1H), 1.96-1.88 (m, 4H),1.81-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.51-1.39 (m, 7H), 1.33-1.23 (m, 1H).

6-(4-Cyclohexylphenoxy)nicotinic acid (V117)

General procedure B: Ethyl 6-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)nicotinate (V112) (172mg, 0.53 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in a mixture of EtOH (15 mL) and 0.5 M NaOH(12 mL) was stirred at 80° C. for 6.5 h. Purification of the acidifiedcrude product by recrystallization from DCM gave the desired product ascolourless solid (72 mg, 0.24 mmol, 46%); HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd. forC₁₈H₂₀NO₃ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 298.1438, found: 298.1441; ¹H NMR (400 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ 8.92 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (dd, J=8.7, 2.3 Hz, 1H),7.26 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.94 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H),2.61-2.47 (m, 1H), 1.9-1.85 (m, 4H), 1.77-1.74 (m, 1H), 1.44-1.35 (m,4H), 1.32 -1.20 (m, 1H).

6-(4-(tert-Pentyl)phenoxy)nicotinic acid (V119)

General procedure B: Ethyl 6-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)nicotinate (V111)(203 mg, 0.65 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in a mixture of EtOH (2 mL) and 0.5 MNaOH (2 mL) was stirred at 80° C. for 30 min. Filtration of theacidified crude product through cotton using EtOAc gave the pure desiredproduct without further purification as colourless solid (185 mg, 0.65mmol, 100%); HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₁₇H₂₀NO₃ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 286.1438,found: 286.1448; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.64 (m, 1H),8.17-8.06 (m, 1H), 7.22 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.66(d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 1.51 (q, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.15 (s, 6H), 0.57 (t, J=7.4Hz, 3H).

Ethyl 4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)benzoate (V122)

General procedure A: Ethyl 4-fluorobenzoate (808 mg, 4.80 mmol, 1.00equiv), 4-(tert-butyl)phenol (935 mg, 6.22 mmol, 1.30 equiv) and K₂CO₃(2.22 g, 16.05 mmol, 3.34 equiv) in DMSO (5 mL) were stirred at 100° C.for 10 days. Purification by column chromatography (EtOAc/petroleumether 1:20) gave the desired product as colourless oil (1.01 g, 3.39mmol, 71%); HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₁₉H₂₃O₃ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 299.1642, found:299.1648; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.00 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.39(d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.99 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 6.98 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 4.36(q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.38 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.34 (s, 9H).

6-(4-(tert-Butyl)phenoxy)nicotinamide (V124)

General procedure C: Calcium chloride hexahydrate (82 mg, 0.37 mmol,1.11 equiv) and ethyl 6-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)nicotinate (V042) (101mg, 0.34 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in MeOH (0.5 mL) together with 7 M NH₃ inMeOH (0.5 mL, 3.50 mmol, 10 equiv) were stirred at 80° C. for 21 h.Purification by column chromatography on silica gel (DCM/MeOH 4%) gavethe desired product as colourless solid (64 mg, 0.24 mmol, 70%); HRMS(ESI) m/z calcd. for C₁₆H₁₉N₂O₂ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 271.1441, found: 271.1456; ¹HNMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.61 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (dd, J=8.6,2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.06 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d,J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.32 (s, 2H), 1.33 (s, 9H).

4-(4-(tert-Butyl)phenoxy)benzoic acid (V126)

General procedure B: Ethyl 4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)benzoate (V122) (727mg, 2.44 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in a mixture of EtOH (7.5 mL) and 0.5 M NaOH(7.5 mL) was stirred at 80° C. for 1 h. Filtration of the acidifiedcrude product through cotton using DCM gave the pure desired productwithout further purification as colourless solid (614 mg, 2.27 mmol,93%); HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₁₇H₁₉O₃ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 271.1329, found:271.1330; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.07 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.41(d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.01 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 1.35(s, 9H).

Ethyl 6-(p-tolyloxy)nicotinate (V128)

General procedure A: Ethyl 6-chloronicotinate (207 mg, 1.12 mmol, 1.00equiv), p-cresol (164 mg, 1.52 mmol, 1.36 equiv) and K₂CO₃ (235 mg, 1.70mmol, 1.53 equiv) in DMSO (1.5 mL) were stirred at 80° C. for 4 days.Purification by column chromatography (EtOAc/petroleum ether 1:10) gavethe desired product as colourless solid (271 mg, 1.05 mmol, 94%); HRMS(ESI) m/z calcd. for C₁₅H₁₆NO₃ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 258.1125, found: 258.1131; ¹HNMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.82 (m, 1H), 8.25 (dd, J=8.6, 2.4 Hz,1H), 7.21 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.90 (d, J=8.6 Hz,1H), 4.37 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 1.37 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).

Ethyl 6-(4-(tert-butyl)-2-methylphenoxy)nicotinate (V131)

General procedure A: Ethyl 6-chloronicotinate (210 mg, 1.13 mmol, 1.00eq.), 4-(tert-butyl)-2-methylphenol (245 mg, 1.49 mmol, 1.32 equiv) andK₂CO₃ (247 mg, 1.79 mmol, 1.58 equiv) in DMSO (2 mL) were stirred at 80°C. for 3 days. Purification by column chromatography (EtOAc/petroleumether 1:20) gave the desired product as colourless oil (259 mg, 0.83mmol, 73%); HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₁₉H₂₄NO₃ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 314.1751,found: 314.1759; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.92-8.78 (m, 1H),8.25 (dd, J=8.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.23 (m, 1H),6.99 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (dd, J=8.7, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (q, J=7.1 Hz,2H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.37 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.34 (s, 9H).

6-(4-(tert-Butyl)-2-methylphenoxy)nicotinic acid (V134)

General procedure B: Ethyl 6-(4-(tert-butyl)-2-methylphenoxy)nicotinate(V131) (160 mg, 0.51 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in a mixture of EtOH (4 mL) and0.5 M NaOH (2 mL) was stirred at 80° C. for 1.5 h. Filtration of theacidified crude product through cotton using DCM gave the pure desiredproduct without further purification as colourless solid (146 mg, 0.51mmol, 100%); HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₁₇H₂₀NO₃ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 286.1438,found: 286.1435; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 9.76 (s, 1H), 8.93 (d,J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (dd, J=8.7, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H),7.29-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 2.16(s, 3H), 1.34 (s, 9H).

Ethyl 4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoate (V138)

General procedure A: Ethyl 3,4-difluorobenzoate (348 mg, 1.87 mmol, 1.00equiv), 4-(tert-butyl)phenol (336 mg, 2.24 mmol, 1.20 equiv) and K₂CO₃(388 mg, 2.80 mmol, 1.50 equiv) in DMSO (2 mL) were stirred at 100° C.for 22 h. Purification by column chromatography (EtOAc/petroleum ether1/40) gave the desired product as colourless oil (451 mg, 1.43 mmol,76%); HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₁₉H₂₂O₃F⁺ [M+H]⁺ 317.1547, found:317.1549; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.85 (dd, J=11.2, 2.0 Hz,1H), 7.80-7.73 (m, 1H), 7.42-7.35 (m, 2H), 7.02-6.94 (m, 3H), 4.37 (q,J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.39 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.33 (s, 9H).

4-(4-(tert-Butyl)phenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoic acid (V142)

General procedure B: Ethyl 4-(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)-3-fluorobenzoate(V138) (341 mg, 1.08 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in a mixture of EtOH (3 mL) and0.5 M NaOH (2 mL) was stirred at 80° C. for 1.5 h. Purification of theacidified crude product by column chromatography (DCM/MeOH 5%) gave thedesired product as colourless solid (207 mg, 0.72 mmol, 67%); HRMS (ESI)m/z calcd. for C₁₇H₁₆O₃F⁻ [M−H]⁻ 287.1089, found: 287.1084; ¹H NMR (400MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 7.91 (dd, J=11.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.86-7.79 (m, 1H),7.47-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.05-6.99 (m, 2H), 6.96 (t, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 1.34 (s,9H).

Ethyl 4-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)benzoate (V149)

General procedure A: Ethyl 4-fluorobenzoate (308 mg, 1.83 mmol, 1.00equiv), 4-(tert-pentyl)phenol (380 mg, 2.32 mmol, 1.26 equiv) and K₂CO₃(383 mg, 2.77 mmol, 1.51 equiv) in DMSO (4 mL) were stirred at 80° C.for 1 day and then at 120° C. for 2 days. Purification by columnchromatography (EtOAc/petroleum ether 1:20) gave the desired product ascolourless oil (476 mg, 1.52 mmol, 83%); HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd. forC₂₀H₂₅O₃ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 313.1798, found: 313.1808; ¹H NMR (400 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ 8.06-7.98 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.02-6.99 (m, 2H),6.99-6.96 (m, 2H), 4.36 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.65 (q, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.38(t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.30 (s, 9H), 0.71 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Ethyl 4-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)benzoate (V150)

General procedure A: Ethyl 4-fluorobenzoate (311 mg, 1.85 mmol, 1.00equiv), 4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenol (522 mg, 2.29 mmol, 1.24equiv) and K₂CO₃ (394 mg, 2.85 mmol, 1.54 equiv) in DMSO (4 mL) werestirred at 80° C. for 1 day and then at 120° C. for 2 days. Purificationby column chromatography (EtOAc/petroleum ether 1:20) gave the desiredproduct as colourless solid (551 mg, 1.46 mmol, 79%); HRMS (ESI) m/zcalcd. for C₂₅H₂₉O₃ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 377.2111, found: 377.2122; ¹H NMR (400 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ 8.06-7.98 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.03-6.99 (m, 2H),7.00-6.96 (m, 2H), 4.37 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.12 (m, 3H), 1.93 (m, 6H),1.83-1.75 (m, 6H), 1.39 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).

4-(4-(tert-Pentyl)phenoxy)benzoic acid (V151)

General procedure B: Ethyl 4-(4-(tert-pentyl)phenoxy)benzoate (V149)(265 mg, 0.85 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in a mixture of EtOH (2.5 mL) and 0.5 MNaOH (2.5 mL) was stirred at 80° C. for 9 h. Purification of theacidified crude product by recrystallization from EtOAc gave the desiredproduct as colourless solid (210 mg, 0.74 mmol, 87%); HRMS (ESI) m/zcalcd. for C₁₈H₁₉O₃ ⁻ [M−H]⁻ 283.1340, found: 283.1343; ¹H NMR (400 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ 8.12-8.01 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.03-7.01 (m, 2H),7.01-6.98 (m, 2H), 1.66 (q, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 1.31 (s, 9H), 0.71 (t, J=7.4Hz, 3H).

4-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-Adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)benzoic acid (V152)

General procedure B: Ethyl4-(4-((3r,5r,7r)-adamantan-1-yl)phenoxy)benzoate (V150) (314 mg, 0.83mmol, 1.00 equiv) in a mixture of EtOH (2.5 mL) and 0.5 M NaOH (2.5 mL)was stirred at 80° C. for 1 day. Purification of the acidified crudeproduct by recrystallization from EtOAc gave the desired product ascolourless solid (227 mg, 0.65 mmol, 78%); HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd. forC₂₃H₂₃O₃ ⁻ [M−H]⁻ 347.1653, found: 347.1648; ¹H NMR (400 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ 8.06-8.03 (m, 2H), 7.40-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.04-7.01 (m, 2H),7.01-6.98 (m, 2H), 2.11 (m, 3H), 1.93 (m, 6H), 1.78 (m, 6H).

Ethyl 4-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)benzoate (V168)

General procedure A: Ethyl 4-fluorobenzoate (316 mg, 1.88 mmol, 1.00equiv), 4-cyclohexylphenol (412 mg, 2.34 mmol, 1.24 equiv) and K₂CO₃(418 mg, 3.03 mmol, 1.61 eq.) in DMSO (4 mL) were stirred at 120° C. for2 days. Purification by column chromatography (EtOAc/petroleum ether1/20) gave the desired product as colourless oil (483 mg, 1.49 mmol,79%); HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd. for C₂₁H₂₅O₃ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ 325.1798, found:325.1801; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.07-7.96 (m, 2H), 7.23-7.20(m, 2H), 7.00-6.96 (m, 4H), 4.36 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.54-2.49 (m, 1H),1.96-1.80 (m, 4H), 1.80-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.47-1.37 (m, 4H), 1.38 (t, J=7.1Hz, 3H), 1.31-1.21 (m, 1H).

4-(4-Cyclohexylphenoxy)benzoic acid (V169)

General procedure B: Ethyl 4-(4-cyclohexylphenoxy)benzoate (V168) (236mg, 0.73 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in a mixture of EtOH (3 mL) and 0.5 M NaOH (3mL) was stirred at 80° C. for 5 h. Purification of the acidified crudeproduct by recrystallization from EtOAc gave the desired product ascolourless solid (158 mg, 0.53 mmol, 73%); HRMS (ESI) m/z calcd. forC₁₉H₁₉O₃ ⁻ [M−H]⁻ 295.1340, found: 295.1339; ¹H NMR (400 MHz,Chloroform-d) δ 8.06 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H),7.24-6.98 (m, 4H), 2.55-2.49 (m, 1H), 1.91-1.85 (m, 4H), 1.78-1.75 (m,1H), 1.47-1.35 (m, 4H), 1.31-1.21 (m, 1H).

Biological Activity

The respective Notch signaling-enhancing activities of the preferredmolecules depicted above in a Notchl-driven luciferase assay areillustrated in FIG. 1. A brief description of this Notch reporter assayis given in the caption of FIG. 1. Derivative V126 was tested asrepresentative compound in further experiments.

FIG. 2 shows investigations using V126 in different settings within theluciferase reporter assay. V126 strongly enhanced Notch signalingalready at a concentration of 1⇄M, whereas the reported Notch enhancervalproic acid did not show any effect within the frame of the screenedconcentrations of up to 40⇄M (FIG. 2a ). To rule out that V126 isdirectly enhancing the activity of the luciferase enzyme, the Notchreporter assay was challenged by applying V126 treatment immediatelyprior to the readout. Short-term treatment yielded values in the rangeof the DMSO control level, whereas the corresponding treatment with V126for 20 h in the very same readout resulted in the expected upregulationof the luciferase values (FIG. 2b ). This strongly suggests that theincreased luciferase values are truly derived from enhanced reportergene expression. Moreover, the Notch-enhancing activity of V126 could bepartially and completely rescued by combinational equimolar treatmentwith the y-secretase inhibitor DAPT or the Notch inhibitor CB103,respectively, further confirming the ability of V126 to upregulate Notchsignaling (FIG. 2c ). Testing of V126 in luciferase assays that aredriven by the Notch2 receptor isoform (N2FL, Notch2 full-lengthreceptor) or by the truncated, constitutively active form of the Notch1receptor (N1ICD, Notchl intracellular domain) indicated that V126 isable not only to enhance signaling derived from different Notch receptorisoforms, but also to enhance the signaling cascade taking placedownstream of ligand-mediated activation of Notch signaling (FIG. 2d ande).

Notch activation in the skin is known to drive differentiation ofkeratinocytes resulting in the induction of differentiation markers suchas involucrin (C. Nowell, Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013, 3, 12,),(G. P. Dotto, Oncogene 2008, 27, 5115-5123). Therefore, V126 was furtherinvestigated by treatment of the human squamous cell carcinoma cell lineSCC13 at a concentration of 10⇄M. Increased expression of involucrin atthe protein level was detected upon incubation with V126 for 48 h (FIG.3), suggesting that V126 is promoting differentiation in this cancercell line via upregulation of Notch signaling.

In the spleen, marginal zone B-cells (MZBs) and follicular B-cells(FoBs) are the two main types of mature B-cells, both of which developfrom the same precursor cells, namely the transitional B-cells (TBs).Notch2 signaling was reported to play a crucial role in the developmentof MZBs (S. Pillai, Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2009, 9, 767-777) and increasedNotch2 signaling in the spleen leads to an expansion of the MZBcompartment (F. Hampel, Blood 2011, 118, 24, 6321-6331). In contrast,the development of FoBs is not dependent on Notch signaling. To evaluatethe effect of V126 in vivo, C57BL/6N mice were injectedintraperitoneally with 25 mg/kg V126 once a day for one week. The impactof V126 on the different B-cell compartments in these mice was analyzedby flow cytometry on splenocytes, showing that V126 was capable todouble the number of MZBs as compared to the control, whereas the FoBnumbers were not affected (FIG. 4).

In conclusion, these results indicate that V126 is enhancing Notchsignaling in vitro and in vivo.

1. A method for treating a patient suffering from a disease selectedfrom the group consisting of: atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, immunerelated disorders, squamous cell carcinoma, cutaneous and lung squamouscell carcinoma, head and neck cancer, non-melanoma skin cancer, basalcell carcinoma and actinic keratosis, neuroendocrine tumors,neuroendocrine small cell carcinoma and carcinoid tumors, thyroidcarcinomas, muscular disorders, muscular dystrophy, impairedregeneration capacity after muscle injury; or for treating a patientundergoing immunotherapy for cancer, comprising administering apharmaceutical compound of the general formula (I)

wherein X is an aromatic cycle selected from a phenylene ring C₆H₄, inwhich one or more H atoms are optionally replaced independently by oneor more of the substituents Z; or X is a 6-membered aromatic heterocycleselected from the group consisting of pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidineand pyrazine, in which one or more H atoms are optionally replacedindependently by one or more of the substituents Z; R1 is selected from:H; linear and branched, unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₁₆ alkyl;linear and branched, unsubstituted and substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl; linearand branched, unsubstituted and substituted C₂-C₈ alkynyl; substitutedand unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₅-C₈cycloalkenyl; adamantyl and norbornyl; and wherein the substituents ofthe named alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, adamantyland norbornyl groups are selected from the group F, Cl, Br, I, —CN,—NCO, —NCS, N₃, and wherein the named groups can be single or multiplesubstituted; R²-R⁵ are independently of each other selected from: H, F,Cl, Br, I; linear and branched, unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl and C₂-C₄ alkynyl, cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl, andwherein the substituents of the named alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl groups are selected from F, Cl, Br and I; Yis O or S; Z is selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, linearand branched, unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl,C₂-C₄ alkynyl, cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl, and wherein the substituentsof the named alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl groupsare selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I; R6 isselected from: OR⁷, NR⁸ R⁹, NHOH; R7 is selected from Hand linear andbranched C₁ C₆ alkyl; R⁸ and R⁹ are independently of each other selectedfrom H and linear and branched C₁-C₆ alkyl; and/or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or ester thereof.
 2. The method according to claim 1,wherein when X is a phenylene ring in said pharmaceutical compound, R¹is selected from linear and branched, unsubstituted and substitutedC₄-C₁₆ alkyl; linear and branched, substituted and unsubstituted C₄-C₈alkenyl; linear and branched, unsubstituted and substituted C₄-C₈alkynyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₄-C₈ cycloalkyl; substituted andunsubstituted C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl; adamantyl and norbornyl; and whereinthe substituents of the named alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, adamantyl and norbornyl groups are selected from the groupconsisting of F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NCO, —NCS, and N₃, and wherein thenamed groups can be single or multiple substituted.
 3. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein when X is a phenylene ring in saidpharmaceutical compound, the phenylene ring X is not substituted by F,Cl, or Br (substituent Z) in position 2 and 6 with respect to the ethergroup, and at least one of R²-R⁵ and Z is a substituent other than H,when R¹ is H or CH₃.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein when Xis a heterocycle selected from pyridine, pyidazine, pyrimidine andpyrazine in said compound: R¹ is selected from: H; linear and branched,unsubstituted and substituted C₁ C₁₂ alkyl; linear and branched,unsubstituted and substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl; linear and branched,unsubstituted and substituted C₂-C₈ alkynyl; substituted andunsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₅-C₈cycloalkenyl; adamantyl and norbornyl; and wherein the substituents ofthe named alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, adamantyland norbornyl groups are selected from the group F, Cl, Br, I, —CN,—NCO, —NCS, N₃, and wherein the named groups can be single or multiplesubstituted; R²-R⁵ are independently of each other selected from: H, F,Cl, Br, I; unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₂ alkyl, C₂-alkenyl,C₂-alkynyl, and wherein the substituent of the named alkyl, alkenyl, andalkynyl groups is F; Z is selected from F, Cl, Br, I; unsubstituted andsubstituted C₁-C₂ alkyl, C₂-alkenyl, C-₂ alkynyl, and wherein thesubstituent of the named alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups is F; R7 isselected from H and linear and branched C₁-C₄ alkyl; R⁹ and R⁹ areindependently of each other selected from H and linear and branchedC₁-C₄ alkyl; and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.5. The method according to claim 1, wherein in said pharmaceuticalcompound, R¹ is selected from: H; linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl; linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl; linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₃ -C₆cycloalkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₅ -C₆ cycloalkenyl; adamantyland norbornyl; and wherein the substituents of the named alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, adamantyl and norbornyl groups areselected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NCO, —NCS, andN₃, and wherein the named groups can be single or multiple substituted;R²-R⁵ are independently of each other selected from the group consistingof: H, F, Cl, Br, I; unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₂ alkyl,C₂-alkenyl, and C₂-alkynyl, and wherein the substituents of the namedalkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups are F; and/or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or ester thereof.
 6. The method according to claim 1,wherein in said pharmaceutical compound X is pyridine, in which one ormore H atoms are optionally replaced independently by one or more of thesubstituents Z; R¹ is selected from: H; linear and branched,unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl; linear and branched,unsubstituted and substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl; linear and branched,unsubstituted and substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl; substituted andunsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₅-C₆cycloalkenyl; adamantyl and norbornyl; and wherein the substituents ofthe named alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, adamantyland norbornyl groups are F, and wherein the named groups can be singleor multiple substituted; and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt orester thereof.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein R¹ isselected from: H; linear and branched, unsubstituted and substitutedC₁-C₆ alkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl; adamantyland norbornyl; and wherein the substituents of the named alkyl,cycloalkyl, adamantyl and norbornyl groups are F, and wherein the namedgroups can be single or multiple substituted; R²-R⁵ are independently ofeach other selected from: H; F; unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₂alkyl, and wherein the substituents of the named alkyl groups are F; Yis O, Z is selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, andunsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₂ alkyl, and wherein the substituentsof the named alkyl groups are F; R⁶ is selected from the groupconsisting of: OR⁷, and NR⁸ R⁹; and/or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt or ester thereof.
 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein theindividual is a mammal, preferably a human.
 9. The method according toclaim 1, wherein said disease is associated with reduced Notch signalingactivity.
 10. The method as defined in claim 1, wherein in saidpharmaceutical compound, R⁶ is selected from OR⁷, NR⁸R⁹ and NHOH, and R⁷is selected from linear and branched C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 11. The method asdefined in claim 1, wherein when X is a phenylene ring in saidpharmaceutical compound, the phenylene ring X is not substituted by Cl(substituent Z), R¹ is selected from linear and branched, unsubstitutedand substituted C₄-C₁₆ alkyl; linear and branched, substituted andunsubstituted C₄-C₈ alkenyl; linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₄-C₈ alkynyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₄ cycloalkyl,C₅ cycloalkyl, C₇ cycloalkyl, C₈ cycloalkyl; substituted andunsubstituted C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl; adamantyl and norbornyl; and whereinthe substituents of the named alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, adamantyl and norbornyl groups are selected from the groupconsisting of F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NCO, —NCS, N₃, and wherein the namedgroups can be single or multiple substituted, or wherein when X is aheterocycle selected from pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine and pyrazine:R¹ is selected from: linear and branched, unsubstituted and substitutedC₂ alkyl, C₃ alkyl, C₄ alkyl, C₅ alkyl, C₆ alkyl, C₇ alkyl, C₈ alkyl, C₉alkyl, C₁₀ alkyl, C₁₁ alkyl, C₁₂ alkyl; linear and branched,unsubstituted and substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl; linear and branched,unsubstituted and substituted C₂-C₈ alkynyl; substituted andunsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₅-C₈cycloalkenyl; adamantyl and norbornyl; and wherein the substituents ofthe named alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, adamantyland norbornyl groups are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl,Br, I, —CN, —NCO, —NCS, N₃, and wherein the named groups can be singleor multiple substituted; R²-R⁵ are independently of each other selectedfrom the group consisting of: H, F, Cl, Br, I; unsubstituted andsubstituted C₁-C₂ alkyl, C₂-alkenyl, C₂-alkynyl, and wherein thesubstituent of the named alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups is F; Z isselected from F, Cl, Br; unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₂ alkyl,C₂-alkenyl, C₂-alkynyl, and wherein the substituent of the named alkyl,alkenyl and alkynyl groups is F; R⁷ is selected from H and linear andbranched C₁-C₄ alkyl; R⁹ and R⁹ are independently of each other selectedfrom H and linear and branched C₁-C₄ alkyl; and/or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt or ester thereof
 12. The method according to claim 11,wherein said patient is a mammal, preferably a human.
 13. The methodaccording to claim 1, wherein prior to administration, thepharmaceutical compound is prepared by a method comprising the steps ofcoupling, preferably via SNAr coupling, of a substituted phenol with anelectron-poor aromatic or heteroaromatic halide, and derivatizing theobtained biaryl ethers by hydrolysis, esterification or amidation. 14.The method according to claim 1, wherein in said pharmaceutical compoundR¹ is selected from: linear and branched, unsubstituted and C₆ alkyl, C₇alkyl, C₈ alkyl, C₉ alkyl, C₁₀ alkyl, C₁₁ alkyl, C₁₂ alkyl, C₁₃ alkyl,C₁₄ alkyl, C₁₅ alkyl, C₁₆ alkyl; linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₄-C₈ alkenyl; linear and branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₄-C₈ alkynyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₄-C₈cycloalkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl; adamantyland norbornyl; and wherein the substituents of the named alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, adamantyl and norbornyl groups areselected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NCO, —NCS, andN₃, and wherein the named groups can be single or multiple substituted;wherein R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of OR⁷, NR⁸R⁹ and NHOH,and R⁷ is selected from linear and branched C₂ alkyl, C₃ alkyl, C₄alkyl, C₅ alkyl, and C₆ alkyl.
 15. The method according to claim 1,wherein in said pharmaceutical compound when X is a phenylene ring, thephenylene ring X is not substituted by CI (substituent Z), R¹ isselected from the group consisting of branched, unsubstituted andsubstituted C₆ alkyl, C₇ alkyl, C₈ alkyl, C₉ alkyl, C₁₀ alkyl, C₁₁alkyl, C₁₂ alkyl, C₁₃ alkyl, C₁₄ alkyl, C₁₅ alkyl, C₁₆ alkyl; linear andbranched, substituted and unsubstituted C₄-C₈ alkenyl; linear andbranched, unsubstituted and substituted C₄-C₈ alkynyl; substituted andunsubstituted C₄ cycloalkyl, C₅ cycloalkyl, C₇ cycloalkyl, C₈cycloalkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₅-C₈ cycloalkenyl; adamantyland norbornyl; and wherein the substituents of the named alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, adamantyl and norbornyl groups areselected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, —NCO, —NCS, andN₃, and wherein the named groups can be single or multiple substituted,or wherein when X is a heterocycle selected from pyridine, pyridazine,pyrimidine and pyrazine: R₁ is selected from the group consisting oflinear and branched, unsubstituted and substituted C₆ alkyl, C₇ alkyl,C₈ alkyl, C₉ alkyl, C₁₀ alkyl, C₁₁ alkyl, C₁₂ alkyl; linear andbranched, unsubstituted and substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl; linear andbranched, unsubstituted and substituted C₂C-₈ alkynyl; substituted andunsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₅-C₈cycloalkenyl; adamantyl and norbornyl; and wherein the substituents ofthe named alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, adamantyland norbornyl groups are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl,Br, I, —CN, —NCO, —NCS, and N₃, and wherein the named groups can besingle or multiple substituted; R²-R⁵ are independently of each otherselected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I; unsubstituted andsubstituted C₁-C₂ alkyl, C₂-alkenyl, C₂-alkynyl, and wherein thesubstituent of the named alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups is F; Z isselected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br; unsubstituted andsubstituted C₁-C₂ alkyl, C₂-alkenyl, C₂-alkynyl, and wherein thesubstituent of the named alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups is F; R⁷ isselected from H and linear and branched C₁-C₄ alkyl; R⁸ and R⁹ areindependently of each other selected from H and linear and branchedC₁-C₄ alkyl; and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.16. The method according to claim 1, wherein in said pharmaceuticalcompound, R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of OR⁷, NR⁸R⁹ andNHOH, and R⁷ is selected from linear and branched C₁-C₆ alkyl or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, and said compound isin admixture with an inert carrier.
 17. The method according to claim 1,wherein said mammal is a human.
 18. A pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound of the general formula (I)

wherein X is an aromatic cycle selected from a phenylene ring C₆H₄, inwhich one or more H atoms are optionally replaced independently by oneor more of the substituents Z; or X is a 6-membered aromatic heterocycleselected from the group consisting of pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidineand pyrazine, in which one or more H atoms are optionally replacedindependently by one or more of the substituents Z; R1 is selected from:H; linear and branched, unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₁₆ alkyl;linear and branched, unsubstituted and substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl; linearand branched, unsubstituted and substituted C₂-C₈ alkynyl; substitutedand unsubstituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₅-C₈cycloalkenyl; adamantyl and norbornyl; and wherein the substituents ofthe named alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, adamantyland norbornyl groups are selected from the group F, Cl, Br, I, —CN,—NCO, —NCS, N₃, and wherein the named groups can be single or multiplesubstituted; R²-R⁵ are independently of each other selected from: H, F,Cl, Br, I; linear and branched, unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₄alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl and C₂-C₄ alkynyl, cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl, andwherein the substituents of the named alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl groups are selected from F, Cl, Br and I; Yis O or S; Z is selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, linearand branched, unsubstituted and substituted C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl,C₂-C₄ alkynyl, cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl, and wherein the substituentsof the named alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl groupsare selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I; R⁶ isselected from: OR⁷, NR⁸ R⁹, and NHOH; R⁷ is selected from H and linearand branched C₁ C₆ alkyl; R⁸ and R⁹ are independently of each otherselected from H and linear and branched C₁-C₆ alkyl; and/or apharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, in combination with apharmaceutical carrier suitable for administration to a patientsuffering from a disease selected from the group consisting of: atopicdermatitis, psoriasis, immune related disorders, squamous cellcarcinoma, cutaneous and lung squamous cell carcinoma, head and neckcancer, non-melanoma skin cancer, basal cell carcinoma and actinickeratosis, neuroendocrine tumors, neuroendocrine small cell carcinomaand carcinoid tumors, thyroid carcinomas, muscular disorders, musculardystrophy, impaired regeneration capacity after muscle injury; and/or apatient undergoing immunotherapy for cancer.
 19. The pharmaceuticalcomposition according to claim 18, wherein when X is a phenylene ring insaid pharmaceutical compound, R¹ is selected from linear and branched,unsubstituted and substituted C₄-C₁₆ alkyl; linear and branched,substituted and unsubstituted C₄-C₈ alkenyl; linear and branched,unsubstituted and substituted C₄-C₈ alkynyl; substituted andunsubstituted C₄-C₈ cycloalkyl; substituted and unsubstituted C₅-C₈cycloalkenyl; adamantyl and norbornyl; and wherein the substituents ofthe named alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, adamantyland norbornyl groups are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl,Br, I, —CN, —NCO, —NCS, and N₃, and wherein the named groups can besingle or multiple substituted.
 20. The pharmaceutical compositionaccording to claim 18, wherein when X is a phenylene ring in saidpharmaceutical compound, the phenylene ring X is not substituted by F,Cl, or Br (substituent Z) in position 2 and 6 with respect to the ethergroup, and at least one of R²-R⁵ and Z is a substituent other than H,when R¹ is H or CH₃.